英文介绍中医2

2021年2月26日发(作者：宫颈癌症状)
QI, BLOOD AND BODY FLUID OF MUTUAL CAUSALITY

气、血、津液的相互关系


尽管气、血、津液的
Despite their differences in nature, form and
性状及其功能各不相同，
function,
qi,
blood
and
body
fluid
have
something
但它们却有许多共同之
in common with each other. They are the basic
处。三者均为构成人体和
materials that constitute the human body and
维持人体生命活动的基本
maintain life activities; they all derive from
物质。它们均来自水谷精
cereal
essence;
they,
physiologically,
depend
on
气。在生理上，它们相互
each
other
for
existence
and
restrain
and
utilize
依存、相互制约、相互为
each other; they, pathologically, act upon each
用；在病理上，它们相互
other and have causality between them.
影响，互为因果。

Qi and blood are closely related. Qi is the

气血紧密相关。气为

血之帅，血为气之母。气
of qi. As the commander of blood, for one thing,
为血帅，一方面因为气是
qi is the motive power for blood formation, or
血液形成的原动力；另一
rather, it produces blood. Blood is formed from
方面是由于气可生血。血
mutritive qi and body fluid, both of which come
由营气和津液形成，后两
from
food
and
water.
All
these
cannot
be
separated
者都源于水谷。而以上这
from the functions of qi. Blood circulation
些都离不开气的作用。血
depends on the propelling function of heart-qi.
液循行依赖气的推动功
For another, qi controls blood and keep it
能，另一方面，气摄血，
flowiing in the blood vessels without
维持血行于脉中不致外
extravasation. This function of qi is performed
溢。气的此项功能由脾气
by spleen-qi. When qi is deficient, it fails to
来执行。气虚不能摄血可
control
blood,
thus
leading
to
hemorrhage.
Blood
导致出血。所谓“血为气
is
referred
to
as
the
mother
of
qi
because,
on
the
之母”，是因为，一则，
one hand, blood is a carrier of qi; and on the
血以载气；二则，血为气
other,
blood
provides
adequate

nutrients
for
qi.
提供充足的营养。因此，
Therefore, it is impossible for qi to exist
如无气之母－血，则气也
without its
不可能存在。

The
relationship
between
qi
and
body
fluid
is

气和津液的关系与气
rather
similar
to
that
between
qi
and
blood.
This
和血的关系非常相似。这
is
shown
in
the
following
four
aspects.
First,
qi
可以从以下四方面表明。
produces
body
fluid.
The
formation,
distribution
第一，气生津。津液的形
and excretion of body fluid depend upon all the
成、分布和排泄依赖气的
movements of qi and its warming, promoting and
运动和温煦、推动和固摄
controlling
functions.
The
existence
of
qi
in
the
功能。人体气的存在不仅
body not only depends upon blood, but on body
依赖血，也依赖脾运化的
fluid which is formed from food essence by the
水谷精微所形成的津液。
functions
of
the
stomach
and
spleen.
So,
whether
因此，津液的充足与否依
body
fluid
is
adequate
or
inadequate
depends
upon
赖脾胃之气的状态。
第二，
the conditions of spleen-qi and stomach-qi.
气推动津液的运行。气的
Second, qi promotes the transportation of body
运动是津液运行分布和汗
fluid. The movements of qi are the motivity for
尿液排泄的原动力。
因此，
the transportation, and distribution of body
气虚或气的功能失常，就
fluid, and the excretion of sweat and urine.
会发生津液运行、分布和
Therefore, In case of deficiency of qi or
排泄的紊乱，
使津液停滞。
dysfunction of qi, disturbance of body fluid in
第三，气固摄津液。气可
transportation, distribution and excretion will
以控制津液的排泄，维持
occur.
Thereby
leading
to
the
stagnation
of
body
体液代谢平衡。如气无法
fluid. Third, qi controls body fluid. Qi may
控制津液的排泄，便会导
control
the
excretion
of
body
fluid
and
maintain
致津液的横溢。第四，津
the balance of the metabolism of body fluid, In
液是气的载体。这就是津
case qi fails to control the excretion of body
能载气。如果没有津液，
fluid some of body fluid will run off. Fourth,

气就无法存在。这就是为
body
fluid
is
a
carrier
of
qi
.
（
Qi
resides
in
body
什么伤津就会耗气。如气
fluid,
Body
fluid
serves
as
a
carrier
of
qi
）
That
无法依托于津液，则气虚
is,
body
fluid
carries
qi.
Qi
cannot
exist
without
甚则气陷就会随之发生。
body
fluid.
This
is
the
reason
why
the
loss
of
body
这就是
《千金翼方》
所说
fluid often damages qi. If qi fails to attach to
的：
“汗吐之后无完气。
”
body
fluid,
qi-deficiency
and
even
qi
prostration

过汗、大汗、大泻使津液
will
ensue.
So

the
medical
book
Prescriptions
of
丢失从而导致气脱就是一
the Golden Cabinet
says:
个例子。

after
hidrosis
,
vomiting
etc.
Examples
in
point
are:hidrosis,
polyuria,
enormous vomiting and
diarrhea cause great loss of body fluid, which,
in turn, gives rise to qi colapse.
Blood
and
body
fluid
are
liquids
and,
what's

血和津液都是液体，
more, they both perform the nourishing and
而且它们都有滋养功能。
moistening
functions.
Body
fluid
will
become
and
津液进入脉中就会成为血
important component of blood when infiltrating
液的重要组成部分。因为
into the blood vessels. As blood and body fluid
血和津液都源于水谷津
originate
from
the
essence
of
food
and
water,
they
液，因此被称为“津血同
are known as
body fluid and blood are derived
源”。周期或严重出血会
from a common source.

Recurrent
or severe
损伤津液导致口渴、尿少
bleeding may do damage to body fluid, resulting
和皮肤干燥。严重的津液
in thirst, scanty urine
and dry skin.
And severe
耗损和丢失会影响血源，
consumption
or
loss
of
body
fluid
will
affect
the
导致津液和血液的枯竭。
source
of
blood,
leading
to
the
exhaustion
of
both
因此，对于出血的患者不
blood and body fluid. For this reason, it is not
宜用汗法，破血或活血法
advisable to use
diaphoretics
for haemorrhagic
不宜用于津液不足或汗证
patients, and the methods of breaking blood or
的患者。《灵枢》指出：
pricking blood should be avoided in treating
“夺血者无汗，夺汗者无
patients with the inadequate of body fluid and
血。”并说：“形肉已夺，
hidrosis.
Miraculous
Pivot
states:
The
patients
是一夺也；大夺血之后，
lost bolld should avoid perspiring; while the
是二夺也；大出汗之后，
patients lost perspiration should avoid Losing
是三夺也；大泄之后，是
blood.

And

first
contraindication
refers
to
四夺也；
新产及大血之后，
emaciated
patients; the second to patients lost
是五夺也。
此皆不可泻。
”

blood; the third to patients after severe
perspirationl;the fourth to patients after
severe diarrheal and the fifth to patients of
postpartum
hemorrhage. Purgation is
contraindicated in all these cases.
To sum up, the close and complicated

总之，三者的关系是
relationships between the three are often shown
紧密复杂的，这常在生理
in physiology and pathology, and are of great
和病理上体现，对于辨证
importance in TDS.
论治非常重要。

Unit Eleven
Text

MERIDIANS AND COLLATERALS-THE PATHWAYS TO LINK THE WHOLE BODY(1)

经络—人体联络的通道
(1)

The meridian-collateral theory is
concerned with the physiological functions
and the pathological changes of the

经络理论是有关经络系统
meridian-collateral system, and their
的生理功能和病理变化以及和
relationships with zang-fu organs. It is an
脏腑之间关系的理论。它是中
important component of the theoretical
医理论系统的重要组成部分，
system of TCM. And it is considered as a
被认为是所有中医临床学科特
theoretical
basis
of
all
clinical
subjects
of
别是针灸、推拿和气功的理论
TCM, especially that of acupuncture,
基础。另外，它还指导其它分
moxibustion, tuina and qigong. Besides, it
支学科的临床实践。

guides the clinical practice of other
branches of TCM.
The
meridians
and
collaterals
are
pathways
along which qi and blood circulate through
the whole body. The meridians are the major

经络是气血循行全身的通
trunks
of
the
meridian-collateral
system
and
道。经是经络系统的主干，纵
run
longitudinally
within
the
body,
while
the
行于人体，而络是经的分支，
collaterals
are
the
branches
of
the
meridians
呈网状分布于全身。因此，经
and are
reticularly
distributed over the
络沟通人体脏腑肢节，上下内
whole body. Hence, the meridians and
外，使人体的脏腑组织成为一
collaterals, connecting the zang-fu organs
个有机整体。

with extremities, the upper with the lower
and the internal with ihe external portions
of the body, make all the body's organs and
tissues an organic whole.
The Composition of the Meridian-Collateral
经络系统的组成

System

The
meridian-collateral
system
consists
of
meridians and collaterals as well as their

经络系统由经和络互补而
subsidiary
parts. This system, internally,
成。这个系统在内联络脏腑组
links the zang-fu organs and, externally,
织，在外沟通筋骨肌肤。

joins the tendons, museles and skin.
The meridians are classified into three
categories: the regular meridians and the
extra
meridians
and
the
divergent
meridians.
There are twelve regular meridians, namely
the three yin meridians as well as the three
yang
meridians
of
the
hands
and
feet.
They
are

经可以分为三类：正经、
known collectively as
奇经和经别 。有十二正经即手
meridians
足三阴三阳经。它们被总称为
qi and blood circulation and

start and
“十二正经”，是气血循行的
terminate

at given seats, run along fixed
主要通道，有固定的起止点，
routes and

meet
indefinite
orders. They are
按照一定的路径循行并按一定
directly
connected
with
the
relevant
zang-fu
顺序交接。它们与相对应的脏
organs. The eight extra meridians are
腑直接相连。奇经八脉由督、
composed of Du,Ren, Chong, Dai, Yinqiao,
任、冲、带、阴蹻、阳蹻、阴
Yangqiao,
Yinwei
and
Yangwei
meridians.
They
维和阳维脉组成

。
它们与十二
are interlated with the twelve regular
正经相互联系，并行使控制、
meridians and perform the functions of
联系和调节十二正经的功能。
dominating, connecting and adjusting the
另外，
它们不与脏腑直接相关。
twelve regular meridians. And they are not
十二经别是十二正经的延续。
directly related to the internal organs in
它们起于四肢，深入脏腑，浅
addition,
the
twelve
divergent
meridians
are
出于项部。它们的作用是加强
the
extensions
of
the
twelve
meridians.
They
十二正经表里两经的联系，并
originate
from
the
limbs,
run
deeper
into
the
补充十二正经所不能到达的脏
zang-fu organs and emerge from the shallow
腑和身体区域。

neck. Their action is to enhance the
Links between every pair of meridians
exteriorly-interiorly related in the twelve
meridians and complement the organs and
bodily areas to which the regular meridians
can not get.
The collaterals are the branches of the

络是经的分支，可分为三
meridians. They are divided into three
类：别络、浮络和孙络。起源
groups: the divergent collaterals,
于十二正经和任督二脉的别络
superficial collaterals and
tertiary

和脾之大络统称为“十五别
collaterals. The divergent collaterals are
络”。它们的作用是加强表里
the larger and main collaterals. The
两经在体表上的联系。浮络循
divergent collaterals originate from the
行于人体的表层并常出于体
twelve meridians as well as Du and Ren
表。孙络是整个人体中最细小
meridians respectively. Together with a
的络脉。

large
splenic
collateral, they are
altogether
Their chief task is to strengthen the links
between every pair of meridians
exteriorly-interiorly related on the body
surface. The superficial collaterals are
ones
that
run
through
the
surface
layer
of
the
human body, and often emerge on the surface.
And the tertiary collaterals refer to the
smallest and the thinnest ones of the whole
body.
In
addition,
there
are
the
subsidiary
parts
of
the
meridian
system,
including
the
twelve
skin zones and twelve
musculature
zones
.


此外，尚有经络系统的附
Therefore, they are the parts that connect
属部分包括十二皮部和十二经
the twelve meridians with the superficial
筋。因此，它们是分别连接人
portions and the muscular portions of the
体浅表和肌肉的部分。考虑到
body
respectively.
Considering
the
important
十二正经和奇经八脉是经络系
place of the twelve meridians and the eight
统的重要组成部分，我们将以
extra meridians in the meridian-collateral
其为主题进行讨论。

system.
we
are
going
to
take
them
as
the
main
subject for discussion.
Tab.
2
The
Nomenclature
and
Classification
of
表
2.
十二正经的命名和归类

the Twelve Meridians
Tab.2 shows that every meridian consists of
表
2
说明了每条经都由三部分
three parts.
组成。

1 ) Hand or foot:

（
1
）手或足

The
meridians
starting
or
terminating
at
the hand are named

经脉起于或止于手者命名
starting
or
terminating
at
the
foot
are
named
为“手”，起于或止于足者命

名为“足”。所以，十二正经
into four groups: three yin meridians of
可分为四组：手三阴经，手三
hand,
three
yang
meridians
of
hand,
three
yin
阳经，足三阴经，足三阳经。
meridians of foot, and three yang-meridians
每条经都是根据其所在手足的
of foot. Each of the meridian is named
内外面的位置、脏腑归属和阴
according
to
the
medial
or
the
lateral
aspect
阳性质命名的。

of hand or foot, the names to which zang and
fu pertain, and the nature of yin or yang.
2 ) Yin or yang:

（
2
）阴或阳

The meridians going in the medial aspect
of the limbs are named
in the lateral aspects are named

循行于四肢内侧的经脉命
medial
aspect
of
the
limbs
is
subdivided
into
名为“阴”，而循行于外侧者
the anterior border, midline and the
为“阳”。四肢内侧又可分为
posterior border. And the yin meridians
前、中、后三部，阴经循行于
running through these parts are named
该部分的分别称为太阴、厥阴
Taiyin,Jueyin and Shaoyin respectively. The
和少阴。四肢外侧同样可以分
lateral surface of the limbs is also
为前、中、后三部。阳经循于
subdivided into the anterior border, the
此者分别为阳明、
少阳和太阳。

midline and the posterior border. And yang
meridians are termed
and
3) Zang or fu:

（
3
）脏或腑

The nomenclature of zang or fu is
determined
in
the
light
of
the
nature
to
which

脏或腑的命名是根据脏或
zang or fu pertains. For example, the
腑的归属决定的。例如，属于
meridian pertaining to the kidney is named
肾的经脉命名为肾经，其余由
the kidney meridian, and the rest may be
此类推。

deduced by analogy.
To sum up, it is quite evident that there

总之，很显然十二正经中
is
no
name
that
does
not
involve
hand
or
foot,
没有不以手足、阴阳、脏腑命
yin or yang, zang- organ or fu-organ in the
名的。

twelve meridian.(To Be Continued)
MERIDIANS AND COLLATERALS-THE PATHWAYS TO LINK THE WHOLE BODY

经络—人体联络的通道

Courses, Connections, Distributions,
十二正经的起源、交接、
Exterior- lnterior
Relations
and
Flowing
Order
of
分布、
表里关系和走行规
the Twelve Meridians

律

1. The Coursing and Connecting Law of the Twelve
1.
十二正经的起源和交
Meridians

接规律

The coursing and connecting law of the twelve

十二正经的起源和
meridians
is:
the
three
yin
meridians
of
the
hand
交接规律是：
手三阴经起
travel from the chest to the end of the fingers
于胸部行至手指端，
在此
where they connect with the three yang meridians
与手三阳经交接；
手三阳
of the hand; the three yang meridians of the hand
经由手指端上行至头，
在
go up from the end of the fingers to the head on
此与足三阳经相交接；
足
which they connect with the three yang meridians
三阳经由头向下行至脚
of the foot; the three yang meridians of the foot
趾头处，
在此与足三阴经
descend
from
the
head
to
the
the
end
of
toes
where
相交接；
足三阴经由脚趾
they
join
the
three
yin
meridians
of
the
foot;
the
头处上行至胸腹部，
在此
three yin meridians of the foot ascend from the
与手三阴经相交接。这
toes to the abdomen and chest in which they meet
样，十二正经彼此联系，
the three yin meridians of the hand. Thus, the
形成了一个阴阳畅通循
twelve meridians are connected with each other,
行的通道，如环无端。见
forming
a
circle
like
pathway
along
which
yin
and
下表。

yang
smoothly
circulate
without
terminus.
See
the
following diagram.
Fig.
5
Flowing
direction
and
Connecting
Law
of
the
表
5.
十二正经循行方向
Twelve Meridians
及交接规律

It is clearly seen from fig. 5 that the three

从表
5
可以清楚的知
yang meridians of the hand terminate at the head
道手三阳经止于头而足
from which the three yang meridians of the foot
三阳经起于头，
手足三阳
start. The three yang meridians of the hand and
经在头部相会。因此，中
the foot meet at the head So, TCM says:
医云：“头乃诸阳之
is the junction of all yang meridians
会”。

2.
Distributions
and Exterior-Interior
Relations
2.
十二正经的分布和表
of the Twelve Regular Meridians1) Distributions

里关系

The twelve meridians are distributed

十二正经对称的分
symmetrically on the left and right sides of the
布于人体的左右两边，
并
body and run along their fixed courses.
按一定的路径循行。
在四
Distribution in the limbs: The medial aspect of
肢的分布是：
阴经分布于
the
limbs
attributes to
yin,
the
lateral
to
yang.
四肢的内侧面，
阳经分布
Each limb is distributed by Taiyin and Yangming
于四肢的外侧面。
太阴和
meridians
are
on
the
anterior
border,
Shaoyin
and
阳明分布于肢体的前部，
Taiyang
meridians
are
on
the
posterior
border,
and
少阴和太阳分布于后部，
Jueyin
and
Shaoyang
meridians
are
on
the
midline.
厥阴和少阳分布于中部。

Distribution on the head and face: Yangming

头面的分布：
阳明经
meridians run through the face and forehead,
行于面额部，
太阳经行于
Taiyang meridians run through the cheek, vertex
颊部、头顶及枕部，少阳
and
occiput
of
the
head
and
Shaoyang
meridians
run
行于头的两侧。

through both sides of the head.
Distribution
in
the
body
trunk:
The
three
yang

在躯干部的分布：
手
meridians of hand run through the scapular part.
三阳经行于肩胛部。
足三
Among the three yang meridians of foot, Yangming
阳经当中，
阳明经行于前
meridians run in the front of the trunk
腹部，太阳经沿背部循
(thoracico- abdominal aspect), Taiyang meridians
行，少阳行于两侧。所有
along
the
back
(the
dorsal
aspect)
,
and
Shaoyang
的手三阴经无一例外的
meridians along the sides. All the three yin
起于腋窝部，
所有的足三
meridians of the hand come out of the axillae
阳经沿腹部循行。
沿腹部
without
exception,
all
the
three
yin
meridians
of
循行的经脉由内至外的
foot run along the ventral aspect. The meridians
顺序是：足少阴经、足阳
running
through
the
ventral
aspect
from
the
medial
明经、
足太阴经和足厥阴
to
the
lateral
are,
in
turn,
termed
Foot- Shaoyin,
经。（注释：在双下肢，
Foot-yangming,
Foot-Taiyin
and
Foot-Jueyin(note:
踝上
8
寸
（
24
厘米）
以下
as
regards
the
medial
sides
of
the
two
lower
limbs,
为厥阴在前，太阴在中，
at 8cun (24cm) above the medial malleoli, Jueyin
少阴在后。）

is located in theanterior, Taiyin in the middle
and Shaoyin in the posterior part.)
The Exterion-Interior Relations between the
Twelve Meridians

十二正经的表里关系

The twelve regular meridians, connected with
each other by the divergent meridians and
divergent collaterals, form six pairs of
exterior-interior relationships. Their

十二正经通过经别
exterior-interior relationships are as follows:
和别络彼此联系，
形成了
the
Large
Intestine
Meridian
of
Hand-yangming
and
六对表里关系。
它们的表
the Lung Meridian of Hand- Taiyin; the
里关系如下：
手阳明大肠
Tri-energizer Meridian of Hand-Shaoyang and the
经和手太阴肺经；
手少阳
Pericardium Meridian of Hand-Jueyin; the Small
三焦经和手厥阴心包经；
intestine Meridian of Hand- Taiyang and the Heart
手太阳小肠经和手少阴
Meridian
of
Hand-Shaoyin;
the
Stomach
Meridian
of
心经；
足阳明胃经和足太
Foot- yangming and the spleen Meridian of
阴脾经；
足少阳胆经和足
Foot-Taiyin; the Gallbladder Meridian of
厥阴肝经；
足太阳膀胱经
foot-Shaoyang and the Liver Meridian of
和足少阴肾经。
足太阳和
Foot-Jueyin; and the Urinary Bladder Meridian of
足少阴经相表里，
足少阳
Foot-Taiyang and the Kidney meridian of
和足厥阴经相表里，
足阳
Foot-Shaoyin. The Taiyang meridianand Shaoyin
明经和足太阴经相表里。
meridian of foot are exteriorly-interiorly
这些称为“足阴阳经”。
related,
and
so
are
the
Shaoyang
meridian
and
the
而手太阳经和手少阴经
Jueyin
meridian
of
foot,and
the
Yangming
meridian
相表里，
手少阳和手厥阴
and Taiyin meridian of foot. These are called
经相表里，
手阳明经和手
the< br>太阴经相表里。
这些称为
meridian and the Shaoyin meridian of hand are
“手阴阳经”。

exteriorly-interiorly related, and so are the
Shaoyang and the Jueyin meridians, and the
Yangming and the Taiyin meridians of hand. These
are called the
The exterior- interior relationship of the
twelve meridians not only strengthen the

十二正经的表里关
connection between each specific pair of
系不仅加强了表里两经
meridians with exterion- interior relationship,
的联系，
而且加强了每对
but also promote each pair of zang-fu with the
相表里脏腑之间的联系
exterior-interior relationship to coordinate
使它们在生理上相互协
each other physiologically and influence each
调，在病理上相互影响。
other pathologically. In treatment, acupoints of
在治疗上，
表里两经的穴
the two meridians with the exterior-interior
位可以相辅为用。

relationship may be alternatively used.
3) The Flowing Order of the Twelve Meridians

十二正经的走行规律


The circulation of qi and blood inside the
Twelve meridians is like the circular movement

十二正经中气血的
endlessly.
Their
circulation
starts
from
the
lung
循行如环无端。
它们起于
meridian of Hand- Taiyin, runs to the liver
肺经通往肝经。

meridian.
THE CAUSES TO INDUCE DISEASES
——
ETIOLOGY

疾病产生的原因—

病因学

Etiology is defined as various kinds of factors
that
cause
diseases.
As
TCM
sees
it,
etiology
mainly
includs the six exogenous pathogens,
pestilence,
（
epidemic
pathogenc
factors
）
the
seven
emotions,

病因学的定义是造
emotional
frustration
, improper diet, overwork,
成疾病的各种原因。在
maladjustment between work and rest, traumatic
中医看来，病因主要有
injuries,
insect
or
animal
bites,
phlegm
retention,
六淫、疫气、七情、饮
blood stasis, etc. Zhang ZhongJing of the Eastern
食不节、劳逸失度、外
Han Dynasty pointed out:
Despite numerous
伤、痰饮、瘀血等。东
diseases,
they
would
not
exceed
three
categories

汉时期的张仲景指出：
Up to the Song Dynasty, Chen Wuze put forward the
“千般灾难，不越三
theory
of
the
three
categories
of
etiologic
factors
条”。到宋代，陈无择
i. e., exogenous pathogenic factors,
提出三因学说，即：外
endogenouspathogenic factors and
因、内因、不内外因。
non-endo-exogenous pathogenic factors. To be more
更具体的说，六淫自外
specific,
six
pathogenic
factors
invading
the
body
侵犯人体属于外因；七
from the outside pertain to exogenous pathogenic
情直接伤及内脏属于内
factors;
the
seven
emotions
directly
involving
the
因；其它如饮食不节、
internal organs are attributed to endogenous
过劳，外伤、虫害等属
pathogenic
factors;
other
pathogenic
factors,
such
于不内外因。三因学说
as improper diet, overwork, traumatic injury,
在后世产生了强烈的反
insect and animal bites, etc. , are said to be
响并促进了病因学的研
non-endo-exogenous
pathogenic
factors.

The
theory
究。

of the three categories of etiologic factors

caused strong
repercussions
in later ages and
promoted the research into the etiology.
In
discerning

etiology,
besides
having
a
sound

辨别病因除了要对
knowledge
of
the
objective
conditions
that
possibly
可能导致疾病的客观环
lead to illness, TCM centers attention on the
境有全面的认识外，还
clinical manifestations of diseases, and inquires
要注意疾病的临床表
into the etiology through analyzing the symptoms
现，从分析症状中寻求
and signs so that a basis for
treatment and
病因，从而为药物治疗
medications
may be is provided. This method is
提供依据。这种方法叫
called
seeking cause of disease through
“辨证求因”。六淫是
differentiation of syndromes
.
风、寒、暑、湿、燥、
factors are a general term for wind, cold,
火的总称。
正常情况下，
summer-heat, damp, dryness and fire. Under normal
它们是六种气候因素，
conditions, they are six climatic factors. TCM
中医称为“六气”。它
calls them the
们对人体无害，而是自
human beings but rather are the essential
然界万物生长的必要环
conditions of the growth of all living things in
境。因此，正常情况下
nature. Thus, the six qi will not cause diseases
六气不导致疾病。
然而，
normally. However, when the six qi become too
当六气太过或不足、人
excessive or deficient, or when the body's
体的抵抗拉太弱不能适
resistance is too weak to adapt itself to the
应异常变化时，六气就
abnormal changes, the six qi will be changed into
会变成病因侵犯人体，
the
pathogenic
factors
to
attack
the
human
body
and
导致疾病。在六淫中，
cause diseases. They, as such, are known as
有五种是由于内脏功能
exogenous pathogens
失调所引起，并非外邪
exogenous pathogens the five result from the
自外侵犯人体，虽然它
dysfunction of the zang-fu organs rather than the
们也有类似风、
寒、
湿、
exogernous factors invading the body from the
燥、火的证候。为了将
outside
though
they
also
have
the
symptoms
similar
它们与六淫区别，把它
to wind, cold, dampness, dryness and fire.
（
Of...
们称为“内生五邪”即
是介词短语提前。前 置同倒装等一样，是强化信息的重
内风、内寒、内湿、内
要手段之一。有如：
a. Of the two the latter is far
燥、内火。

better
than
the
former.
b.
Of
the
100
cases
treated
with this therapy, 60 are male and 40 female.

) In
order to distinguish them from the six exogenous
pathogens, they are termed the
pathogens
cold, endogenous dampness, endogenous dryness and
endogenous fire.
The pathogenic features of the six exogenous
pathogens are as follows.

六淫的病理特征如下：

(l) The six exogenous pathogens
have close
（
1
）
六淫与季节变化和
relationships
with
the
seasonal
changes
and
living
生活环境有密切关系。
environment. For example, diseases caused by
例如，风邪致病多在春
wind-pathogen mostly occur in spring; summer-heat
季；暑邪致病通常在夏
diseascs usually appear in summer; damp diseases
季；暑邪致病通常发生
often happen in
later summer
, dry diseases arise
在夏至后；燥邪致病多
most often in autumn and cold diseases are often
在秋季；寒邪致病见于
seen in winter. And the people who live in damp
冬季。生活在潮湿环境
circumstances
are
susceptible
to damp diseases,
的人易感受湿邪，而生
while
the
people
living
under
a
high
temperature
are
活在高温环境下的人则
liable to contract
fire or dryness diseases.
易感染火邪或燥邪。

(2) The six exogenous pathogens
may singly invade
（
2
）
六淫可以单独侵犯
the
body
by
a
single
pathogen
and
simultaneously

and
人体也可两种以上同时
invade the body by more than two pathogen. For
侵犯人体。例如，普通
example, common cold results frequently from
感冒通常由风寒之邪所
pathogenic wind and cold; diarrhea is caused by
致；泻泄由湿热之邪所
pathogenic dampnese and heat; bi-syndrome
致；风寒湿夹杂而致痹
(arthralgia)
is
causcd
by
pathogenic
wind,
cold
and
症等。

dampness and so on.
(3) They may be transformed
into each other.
（
3
）
六淫之间可以互相
Examples are: pathogenic cold in the body may be
转化。例如，体内寒邪
transformed into heat and prolonged summer-heat
可化热，暑湿可以化火
dampness
may
bring
about
dryness
and
fire
to
impair
化燥伤阴。

yin.
(4)
The
last
featurc
of
the
six
exogenous
pathogens

（
4
）
六淫的最后一个特
is that they invade the human body via the body
点是它们可以由体表或
surface or from the mouth and nose or through both
口鼻或同时侵犯人体。
concurrently.
This
is
known
as
resulting
这就是“外感六淫”。

from six exogenous pathogens.

七情指的是人的精
The seven emotions refer to the human mental
神活动。中医把它们归
activities.
In
TCM,
they
are
classified
into
seven
为七类：喜、怒、哀、
classes: joy, anger,
melancholy, anxiety, grief,
思、悲、惊、恐。在正
fear
and
terror.
They
are
the
different
responses
to
常情况下，它们是人体
the environmental stimuli in the human body in
对环境刺激的不同反
general circumstances, they belong to the normal
应，属于正常的生理活
physiological activities and will not cause
动，
不会致病。
当突然、
diseases. When sudden, strong,long or protracted
强烈、持久的精神刺激
（
prolonged
）
emotional
stimuli
go
beyond
the
body's
超出了人体的适应力和
adaptability
and endurance, the emotional stimuli
忍受力，情感刺激就会
will become pathogenic factors, which cause
成为致病因素，
引起气、
dysfunction
of
qi,
blood
and
the
zang-fu
organs
and
血和脏腑的功能失调和
imbalance of yin and yang, hence leading to
阴阳失衡，从而导致疾
diseases.
This
is
known
as

injury
caused
病。这就是“内伤七
by the seven
情”。

The seven emotions are different from the six

七情致病与六淫不
exogenous pathogens in causing diseases. The six
同。
正如以上所提及的，
exogenous pathogens, as mentioned ahove, usually
六淫通常由肌肤口鼻侵
invade the body through the skin, mouth and nose,
犯人体，在早期多属于
and it is mostly exterior syndromes at the early
表证。而七情致病，则
stage of the onset. The seven emotions, however,
是直接影响相应的脏腑
directly
affect
the
corresponding
zang-fu
organs
to
而发病。因为某一脏腑
bring on diseases because a certain zang-fu organ
与某一情志活动有密切
is
closely
related
to
a
certain
emotional
activity.
关系。
所以中医云：
“怒
（
不定式短语
to
bring
on
...
在句中作结果状语。又
伤肝；
喜伤心；
忧伤肺；
如：
a.
Arthur
returned
home
to
be
struck
by
another
思伤脾；惊恐伤肾”。
blow.
b.
What
have
I done
to
deserve
so
much?
c.
He
异常情绪主要影响内脏
made
a
long
speech
only
to
show
his
ignorance
of
the
气的活动，导致气的升
subject.

）
So TCM says,
降失常。具体的说“怒
excessive joy impairs the heart; grief or
则气上；喜则气缓；悲
melancholy impairs the lung, anxiety impairs tbe
则气消；恐则气下；惊
spleen,
and
fright
or
fear
impairs
the
kidney
The
则气乱；思则气结”。
abnormal emotions mainly influence qi activity of
至于其它病因如虫害、
the
internal
organs,
so
as
to
cause
the
dysfunction
饮食不节、劳逸失度、
in ascending and descending of qi.
Concretely

寄生虫、外伤、痰凝、
speaking,
血瘀等，
虽然同样重要，
ascend: joy makes the qi (of the heart)
sluggish
;
但鉴于篇幅所限，恕不
sorrow makes the qi (of the lung) consumed; fear
论之。

induces
the
qi
(ofthe
kidney)
to
dissipate;
fright
causes the disorder of the qi (of the heart) and
anxiety brings about the depression of the qi (of
the
spleen).
As
concerns
other
pathogenic
factors
such
as
pestilence,
improper
diet,
maladjustment
of
work and rest, parasites, surgical trauma, phlegm
retention, blood stasis, etc,we have to, though
they
are
of
equal
importance,
give
them
upon
account
of limited space.
Special phrases

enic factors; pathogens
ous pathogenic factors; (exogenous
pathogenic)
enic wind
nous wind
ous wind
特殊短语

1.
邪气

2.
外邪

al
pathogenic
factors
(seasonal
pathogens)
3.
时邪

4.
风邪

5.
内风

6.
外风

is the first and foremost factor to cause
7.
风为百病之长

various diseases

spasm
and
rigidity
of
muscles
result
from
8.
诸暴强直，皆属于风

wind.
ng with sour vomitus of spouting diarrhea
9.
诸病吐酸，暴注下
with tenesmus is caused by wind.
迫，皆属于热。

nal distension is mainly related to heat
10.
诸胀腹大，
皆属于热

e phlegm
ble phlegm
of sexual intercourse
11.
有形之痰

12.
无形之痰

13.
房劳过度

PATHOGENESIS

病机

What is meant by pathogenesis? By
pathogenesis is meant the mechanism of the
occurrence, development and outcome of
diseases. The occurrence, development and

何谓病机？病机指的是
outcome
of
diseases
are
closely
related
both
to
疾病发生、发展和转归的机
the body's vital qi and to the nature of the
理。疾病的发生、发展和转
pathogenic factors. When the pathogens attack
归与人体的正气和病邪特性
the
human
body,
the
body's
vital
qi
is
bound
to
密切相关。当病邪侵犯人体
rise against the pathogens, forming the
时，
人体正气必会奋起抗邪，
conflict
between
vital
qi
and
pathogens.
Their
形成正邪相争。正邪相争必
conflict is bound to destroy the relative
会破坏阴阳的相对平衡、脏
balance
of
yin
and
yang
to
cause
the
dysfunction
腑经络功能失调或是气血紊
of the zang-fu organs and meridians, or the
乱，从而引起不同的局部或
disturbance of qi and blood. Thus bringing
是整体的病理改变。虽然疾
about a variety of local or general
病不同而且临床症状错综复
pathological
changes.
Notwithstanding

various
杂，但是总的来说，它们的
diseases and complicated clinical
病理改变离不开正邪的虚
manifestations,
their
changes
of
pathogenesis,
实，阴阳失衡，或是气血失
in
general,
are
inseparable
from
the
excess
or
常及脏腑经络的功能失调。

deficiency between the vital-qi and the
pathogens,
the
imbalance
of
yin
and
yang,
or
the
abnormably
of
qi
and blood
and
the
dysfunction
of the zang-fu organs and meridians.
The conflict between the vital-qi and
pathogens
is
not
only
related
to
the
occurrence
of a disease, but also directly affects its

正邪相争不仅与疾病的
development and final outcome. Meanwhile, it
发生有关，而且直接影响到
has a direct influence on deficient or
疾病的发展和转归。同时，
excessive
changes
of
the
syndromes
in
a
certain
它在一定程度上也直接影响
sense,
the
processes of
many
diseases
are
seen
了证候的虚实，许多疾病的
as
those
of
the
changes
of
excess
and
deficiency
过程都是正邪相争引起虚实
in the
contest
between the vital-qi and
改变的过程。因此，正邪的
pathogens.
Therefore,
vicissitudes

of
vital
qi
盛衰被认为是病机之一。

and pathogens are considered to be one of the
pathogenesises.
Basic Questions says
exuberance
of

《素问》云：“邪盛则
pathogens
results
in
excess
syndrome,
while
the
实，正衰则虚。”实指的是
depletion

of
essence-qi
may
bring
on
deficiency
邪气实，或是邪实的病理反
syndrome.
应作 为矛盾的主要方面。这
pathogens, or a pathogenic reaction with
就是说，
邪气实，
正气也强。
excessive
pathogens
as
the
principal
aspect
of
临床上，实的病理反应通常
the
contradiction.
That is to say, the
是正邪之间剧烈抗争的结
pathogens are excessive, the vital qi is also
果，这称为实证，大多见于
strong. Clinically,
a sort of
pathological
由六淫、痰凝、饮食不化、
reactions of excess ensue with the
fierce
and
血瘀等引起的疾病的中早
obvious struggle between vital qi and
期，在临床上可见壮热，狂
pathogens, which is known as excess syndrome.
躁，声高气粗，腹痛拒按，
It
is
mostly
found
in
the
early
or
middle
stage
二便不通，脉实有力等。

of
diseases
caused
either
by
the
six
exogenous
pathogens or by the phlegm retention,
undigested food, blood stasis, etc. ,
characterized
by
high
fever,
mania,
high
voice
and coarse breathing, abdominal pain with
tenderness, obstructive urination and
defecation, and full and forceful pulse.
By deficiency syndrome is meant a syndrome
caused by inadequate of vital qi, or a
pathological reaction with the deficiency of

虚证指的是由正气不足
vital qi as the dominant factor of the
引起的证候，或是以正气不
contradiction.
That
is,
the
vital
qi
become
too
足的病理反应为矛盾的主要
deficient to resist pathogens because of the
方面。这就是因为气、血、
dysfunctions
of
qi,
blood,
body
fluid,
zang-fu
津液、脏腑经络的功能失调
organ and meridians. Consequently, the
导致正气过虚无力抗邪。因
conflict of vital qi and pathogens may not
此，正邪相争并不会造成剧
produce
intense
pathological reaction and a
烈的病理反应，所以会导致
series of insufficient manifestations arise,
一系列虚的症状，这就是所
so called deficiency syndrome. This types of
谓的虚证。这一类型的证候
syndrome is mostly seen in patients with weak
大多出现于体弱的病人、疾
constitutions
or
in
the
later
stage
of
a
disease
病的晚期和各种慢性病中，
and
in
different
kinds
of
chronic
cases,
marked
症见神疲体倦，面容憔悴，
by lassitude, pallid complexion, palpitation,
心悸气短，自汗，盗汗，五
short breath, spontaneous perspiration, night
心烦热，畏寒肢冷，脉虚无
sweat feverish sensation in the chest, palms
力等。

and soles or aversion to cold, cold
extremities, feeble pulse, etc.
The rise and fall of vital qi and pathogens

在长期复杂的疾病中，
can bring about mixed syndromes of excess and
正邪的盛衰会引起虚实混杂
deficiency in
protracted
and complicated
的证候。这种证候主要有两
diseases.
Such
syndromes
have
mainly
two
kinds
种病理变化：虚中夹实和实
of pathological changes: deficiency syndromes
中夹虚。然而，在特殊情况
mixed with excess ones and excess syndromes
下也会出现两种病理改变：
mixed
with
deficiency
ones.
However,
under
some
真实假虚和真虚假实。前者
particular circumstances, there will be two
谓之“至虚有盛候”，而后
types of pathological changes: true excess
者则为“大实有赢状”。因
syndrom with
pseudo
-deficiency symptoms and
此，分析病机的虚实，必须
true deficiency with pseudo- excess symptoms.
透过现象看本质，才能不被
The former is said to be
symptoms of
假象所迷惑，而真正把握住
pseudo-excess in extreme deficiency

疾病的虚实变化。

the latter is said to be
symptoms of
pseudo-deficiency
in
extreme
excess

From
the
above, to identify a deficiency or excess
syndrome of pathogenesis we must see through
the appearance to get at the essence and so
only
can
we
not
be
misted
by
false
phenomena
and
accurately grasp the changes of excess or
deficiency syndrome .
In the course of a disease, the conflict
between vital qi and pathogens not only gives

在疾病过程中，正邪相
rise to their deficiency or excess, but also
争不仅会引起虚实改变，而
causes the outcome of a disease. When vital qi
且会导致疾病的转归。当正
prevails
over pathogens, the disease tends to
气胜于邪气时，疾病就会趋
improvement or even complete recovery.
于好转或痊愈。反之，当邪
Otherwise, when pathogens
prevail over
vital
气胜过正气时，疾病就会趋
qi,
the
disease
tends
to
deterioration

or
even
于恶化或是导致死亡。

life comes to end.
In
the
course
of
occurrence,
development
and
final outcome of a disease, disharmony of yin

在疾病的发生、发展和
and yang will occur under the action of
转归的过程中，在病邪的作
pathogens, resulting in such pathological
用下，阴阳失调就会产生，
manifestations as relative excess or
导致阴或阳的偏虚偏实和阴
deficiency of either yin or yang, mutual
阳的互损。

impairment,

repellence

and
depletion
of
yin
and
yang.
The Disturbance of qi and blood refers to a

气血紊乱指的是气血亏
morbid
state caused by deficiency and
虚、功能失调和相互依赖关
dysfunction
of
qi
and
blood,
and
the
breakdown

系崩溃导致的一种病理状
of their interdependent relationship. Qi and
态。人体气血是脏腑经络生
blood
in
the
body
are
the
material
basis
for
the
理活动的物质基础。因此，
physiological activities of the zang-fu and
气血紊乱必会影响人体的功
meridians. Therefore, their disturbance will
能，导致疾病。《素问》指
inevitably

affect
the
body's
function
to
cause
出：“气血不和，百病乃变
diseases. Basic Questions states:

化而生。”然而，气血是脏
disharmony
between
qi
and
blood
will
result
in
腑功能活动的产物。脏腑的
various diseases
However, qi and blood are
病理改变不仅会导致气血紊
the products of the functions of the zang-fu
乱，也会影响全身的气血。
organs. Pathological changes of the zang-fu
这样，
气血紊乱的病理改变，
organs may not only lead to qi-blood
如正邪的盛衰、
阴阳的失衡，
disturbance,
but
also
affect
qi
and
blood
of
the
不仅是脏腑经络病理改变的
whole
body.
Thus,
the
pathogenesis
of
qi-blood
根源，也是分析和研究不同
disturbance,
like
that
of
the
rise
and
decline
疾病病机的基础。

of vital qi and pathogens and the imbalance of
yin and yang, is not only the root cause of
pathological
changes
of
the
zang-fu
organs
and
meridians,
but
also
the
basis
for
the
analysis
and research of the pathogenesis of various
diseases.
The failure of qi activity refers to such
pathological
changes
as
qi
stagnation,
adverse

flow of qi, qi sinking, qi blockage and qi

气机失调指的是由于气
exhaustion
due
to
disturbance
in
its
ascending,
的升降出入失常引起气滞、
descending, exiting and entering. Ascending,
气逆、气陷、气闭、气脱的
descending,
exiting
and
entering
are
the
basic
病理改变。升降出入是气的
form of qi movement, on which functional
基本运动形式。脏腑经络的
activities
of
the
zang-fu
organs
and
meridians
功能活动，脏腑和经络、气
as well as the relation ships between the
血、阴阳之间的关系都赖此
zang-fu
organs
and
meridians,
qi
and
blood,
and
以维持相对平衡。由于这个
yin
and
yang
depend
to
maintain
their
relative
原因，气机失调可以引起涉
balance. Fort his reason, the disorder of qi
及脏腑、气血、阴阳、表里、
activity may bring about various morbid
四肢、
九窍的不同病理改变。

conditions
involving
the
zang-fu
organs,
qi
and
blood, yin and yang, exterior and interior,
four limbs and nine orifices.
The disorder of blood includes deficient
blood production, blood deficiency caused by

血液失常包括血的生化
massive hemorrhage, over consumption of blood
不足，
大量失血引起的血虚，
caused
by
prolonged
illness,
or
dysfunction
of
长期疾病引起的过度血液损
blood nourishment; it also includes the
耗或是血液的营养功能失
accelerated blood circulation caused by blood
调；也包括血热迫血妄行和
heat
and
blood
stasis
caused
by
sluggish
blood
血液循环缓慢引起的血瘀。

circulation.
The metabolism of body fluid is essentially

津液的代谢是津液持续
the processes of continuous production,
产生、分布和排泄的必要过
distribution and excretion of body fluid. The
程。代谢紊乱指的是分布异
disturbance of the metabolism means the
常和产生排泄失衡，从而产
disturbance of distribution and the imbalance
生津液产生不足，形成体内
between
production
and
excretion,
thus
causing
水液停滞，因此，正常的津
deficiency production of body fluid to form
液代谢是维持正常的分布、
fluid retention in the body, So, normal
产生和排泄的基本条件。正
metabolism
of
body
fluid
is
the
basic
condition
常的津液产生、分布和排泄
maintaining normal distribution, production
离不开气的升降出入和气化
and
excretion.
Normal
production,
distribution
功能，
同时也离不开肺、
脾、
and excretion of body fluid are inseparable
肝、肾和三焦的功能。

from ascending, descending, exiting and
entering movement of qi and its transforming
function. And also. they cannot be separated
from
the
functions
of
the
lung,
spleen,
liver,
kidney and the triple energizer.

The five endogenous pathogens
refer to the
pathological
changes
caused
by
the
dysfunction

内生五邪指的是气血津
of
qi,
blood,
body
fluid
and
the
zang-fu
organs,
液和脏腑功能失调引起的病
namely endogenous wind, endogenous cold,
理改变，即内风、内寒、内
endogenous dryness
，
endogenous fire and
燥、内火和内湿。它们不是
endogenous dampness. They are not pathogenic
病理因素，而是五种综合的
factors;
they
are
five
comprehensive
changes
of
病理改变。

pathogenesis.
Special phrases

特殊短语

disharmony of qi and blood may cause
1.
气血不和，百病乃变化而
various diseases.
生

-transformation, fire- transformation,
2.
化热、化火、化风、化燥、
wind- transformation, dryness-transformation,
化湿

dampness-transformation
iciency of vital qi is the intrinsic
3.
正气不足是发病的内在根
factor of the occurrence of disease.
据

enic factors are the predominant
factor of disease.
4.
邪气是疾病发生的重要条
件

THE
FOUR
DIAGNOSTIC
METHODS-THE
METHODS
TO
OBSERVE
AND
DIAGNOSE
DISEASES

四诊—诊察疾病的方法

The four diagnostic methods, namelv
inspection, auscultation and olfaction,

四诊即望、闻、
inquiry, and pulse-taking and palpation
, refer
问、切，指的是用于诊断
to the four basic procedures used in diagnosing
疾病的四个基本步骤，它
a disease, They are the
presuppositions
of
们是中医正确辨证和有效
correct
differentiation
and
effective
treatment
治疗的前提。

in TCM.